One universe, or two?

Q. The scenario is hypothetical, invented to illustrate a thesis.

40 lightyears from Earth, in the direction of the North Star, there is a solar system with intelligent creatures on it.

40 lightyears from Earth, in the direction of the South Star, there is another solar system with intelligent creatures on it.

Civilizations on both of these other planets happen to intercept a radio transmission from Earth. It's something about a "War to End All Wars." At once the monarchs of these respective planets command their radio astronomers to send a message to Earth, congratulating the Earth people for eliminating the troublesome problem of war.

By chance, it happened that a baby prince was born to the King of Planet North on the very day the radio astronomers sent the message commanded by their king.

By chance, a baby princess was born to the Queen of Planet South on the very day that the radio astronomers of Planet South sent the message commanded by their queen.

80 years after Planet North sent its congratulatory message to Earth, the radio astronomers of Planet North learned about the existence of Planet South, which is 40 light years on past Earth.

80 years after Planet South sent its congratulatory message to Earth, the radio astronomers of Planet South learned about the existence of Planet North, which is 40 light years on past Earth.

It just so happens that the Prince of Planet North lived 70 years and died.

And likewise the Princess of Planet South also lived 70 years and died.

Question: Were these two persons in the same universe?
Someone asked why I would think that the Prince of Planet North and the Princess of Planet South did not occupy the same universe. The answer is simple.

Each of them died before any signal from the other one's birth could have reached him/her, even though it traveled at the speed of light. No information created by the Prince of Planet North could possibly affect the Princess of Planet South, and vice versa.

It is possible that a third observer could be witness to the existence of both of them, but this third observer would could not inform either young royal of the other one's existence.
It seems to be the consensus of most of the answerers that the Prince of Planet North and the Princess of Planet South did, indeed, belong to the same universe, even though each of them occupied that part of the Minkowski diagram called "Absolute Elsewhere."

The Prince was in neither the future nor the past of the Princess. The Princess was in neither the future nor the past of the Prince.

However, because it is possible for a third observer to have received signals from both the Prince and the Princess, most people feel obliged to insist that these two royals occupied the same universe.

A distinction, then, must be made between Absolute Elsewhere in which such a third observer is possible, and Absolute Elsewheres in which it is impossible for any third person to receive signals from both of the primary two persons.

Answer
Interesting. I would say this depends on your definition of a "universe"
As far as I'm concerned, the universe does not depend on how far away things are, but rather on whether it is possible for matter or energy from to travel from one to the other. For this reason I would argue that they were in the same universe.

There is also the issue of space-time, which would suggest that if they had been so ... lucky, they could have met each other in their lifetimes (what with light-speed travel reducing the flow of time for them). They COULD have met, and that puts them in the same universe.

So, god could exist, blah blah (filling up space)?

Q. First off, no, I'm not becoming a deist or theist.
Now if the multiverse theory is correct, then there could be an endless amount of possibilities, as other universes would have things that we don't etc. So that being the case (maybe), then a god of some sort could exist in another universe. But if that god only existed in that one universe, then it would not be a "god" as such, because it is confined to one space, so it would not be all-powerful.

Thoughts/Opinions etc. etc.?

(First suggestion : Science & Mathematics > Astronomy & Space)

Answer
Is it a faith doesn't require physical proof,sensory proof and evidence.who told this.i think a man who told this is uneducated, i think he missed his brain somewhere.
we are humans come on we do have brain to think to find and explore something.
miracle what is a miracle.definition says miracle is something humans cant explain.funny isn't it.is there something humans cant explain with science?? i don't think so??we have extreme inventions we can overtake sound with our new jets which travels 1500+ km/hr isn't it.we haven't found any angels traveling that fast.we have invented this jet after our long long development from Zhuge Liang to wright brothers.3rd century(1400 years ago) Zhuge Liang had a flying balloon from that our scientific brain worked to reach from 30km/h to 1500 km/h cool isn't it.hay we have rockets to reach 7,500 km/hour, space craft (unmanned) to reach 58,536 km/h.even though science don't have proof that we could travel alive over 25000 km/h.we can say we are the fastest.oops i forgot something what about light it travels in a vacuum is defined to be exactly 299,792,458 miles per second (482469193 kilometers per second) -oh shed how many years it will take for man to reach such speed with science and invention.better calculate with a fast computer.lets leave this.science is the greatest for man so no comments lets skip this.We have extreme discoveries man lets talk about this.our space craft will reach pluto in 2015 and see no god and angels in the whole solar system we will now find everything till pluto with lots of evidence.see pluto is 5,913,520,000 km from sun and we reached there.so whats next lets say we didn't find heaven and hell in between.science knows everything.- o my- we solar system is in milky way galaxy and milky way galaxie's total distance and diameter is 100,000 light years.it means light needs 100,000 years to reach its total distance.light travels 482469193 kilometers per second and reaches milky way in 100,000 years.how many years human science will take to explore and research milky way.o baby i forgot something there are 10,000 galaxies exist(as per science) including milky way.for milky way alone it takes 100,000 light years what about all.how many years it will take for science to research and find all those.oops this time we use super computer to calculate.ok we skip this too.we have brain man.we have science lets speak about other subject.we have medical science.we save people we can even fit phase maker and we explored everything in our human body and we know everything inside us.i am proud that we are humans we know everything.hay i forgot this thing where is that soul is located why we die? when will science catch that soul which leave the body.shud up there is no soul exist.ok then how we run? what is a human? explain.come on bro science sure can.ok tell me after death where we go.why no heart beat.no heart beat because of death.k explain what is death? what the shed is called life man.explain it.tell me science proof for soul or what ever which keeps us moving.ok cool.i have no answer.hai come on we have something moer we can save a person from death and make him live to his max.oh is it why we cant make a man live over 200 years.hmm lets leave this topic too.we will sure find what is life soul and death in future.u know we haven't yet discovered us properly.so no comments.hai you know we have discovered everything inside earth with our science.but we have no exact proof.so what we are doing now is drilling the earth to its core.you know we reached the maximum.we drilled 12 kilometers down and we explored many things out of it.hai tell me one thing how many percentage you reached inside earth its around 0.2% u know 12 kilometers is 0.2% we just have 99.8% to drill and find out.how many years it took to reach such 12 kilometers just after super scientific research of 5000 years.from human water well to latest machine drill.we will sure reach the core in the future may be in 3 million years.so it means science explored and discovered every place in our planet isn't it.great man.shud up we never told such you know including Yeti there are more than 30 forests which is so deep.we don't even know whats inside all we know that they are very deep forest.that's enough isn't it.ya ya ok so science explored all water levels then.oh ya we reached 4000 meters with our super technology.but unfortunately the depth we have to explore is about 2,550 Mariana trench.sure we will invent something to reach there.so when science will find something which can dive 4000 meters.wait man let me finish the mission to 4000 meters wasn't so successful we will make it successful first then we will think about other depth which is more than 100 in number.now my hand is paining i cant type anymore for this question.i can say one thing.we will find god after we discover and explore all his creations.then only we can think about creator.

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my daughter screams the place down in her travel system pram and only likes the lightweight stroller?

Jesicaa

I have a 2 month old daughter and i have 2 prams, the Graco Alano Travel System and the Maclaren Volo Stroller.
When we take her out and about we have to use the travel system, because its much easier and you get a clear view of her, but when you put her in that car seat in the pushchair she screams the place down, if you push her up and down it wont work.
Recently as a gift from my in laws i got the Maclaren Volo Stroller, i was in target with them and we saw this and i was going on about how much i loved it, but it was $130.00 and there was no way me and my fiance could afford this being teen moms, my in laws brought it for us as a gift and we decided to try it on my 2 month old last week, she loves this stroller, the only stroller she will go in without crying.
What should i do? The travel system cost my brother lots of money and i would hate for it too go to waste because its such a lovely pram and its so easy to push.

Answer
The graco is a lovely pushchair but it's advisable that your baby doesn't spend too long in the car seat as she needs to lie flat to help her spine , I think it's no longer than 1 1/2 hours at a time and the volo stroller is only suitable for babe's from 6 months upwards so realistically it's bad for her spine to be in this stroller just yet . The Graco is definitely the better pushchair and is so comfy for the baby, my grand daughter loves hers and to make her ride more comfortable she has a baby nest (cosy toes). Try putting her in the Graco in the house so she gets used to it and use extra padding etc if necessary to make her feel more cwtched in. Cwtch is Welsh word and definition is on link.

Does wormholes(black hole and white hole)really exists?

Q. Some say by travelling through this thing, we can travel through time? Penin laa!

Answer
yes it do.

In physics, a wormhole (also known as Abbreviated Space) is a hypothetical topological feature of spacetime that is essentially a "shortcut" or "abbreviation" through space and time. A wormhole has at least two mouths which are connected to a single throat. If the wormhole is traversable, matter can 'travel' from one mouth to the other by passing through the throat.

The name "wormhole" comes from an analogy used to explain the phenomenon. If a worm is travelling over the skin of an apple, then the worm could take a shortcut to the opposite side of the apple's skin by burrowing through its center, rather than travelling the entire distance around, just as a wormhole traveller could take a shortcut to the opposite side of the universe through a hole in higher-dimensional space.

There is a compact region of spacetime whose boundary is topologically trivial but whose interior is not simply connected. Formalizing this idea leads to definitions such as the following, taken from Matt Visser's Lorentzian Wormholes:

If a Lorentzian spacetime contains a compact region Ω, and if the topology of Ω is of the form Ω ~ R x Σ, where Σ is a three-manifold of nontrivial topology, whose boundary has topology of the form dΣ ~ S², and if furthermore the hypersurfaces Σ are all spacelike, then the region Ω contains a quasipermanent intra-universe wormhole.
Characterizing inter-universe wormholes is more difficult. For example, one can imagine a 'baby' universe connected to its 'parent' by a narrow 'umbilicus'. One might like to regard the umbilicus as the throat of a wormhole, but the spacetime is simply connected.



Intra-universe wormholes connect one location of a universe to another location of the same universe(in the same present time). A wormhole should be able to connect distant locations in the universe by bending spacetime, allowing travel between them that is faster than it would take light to make the journey through normal space. See the image above. Inter-universe wormholes connect one universe with another [1], [2]. This gives rise to the speculation that such wormholes could be used to travel from one parallel universe to another. A wormhole which connects (usually closed) universes is often called a Schwarzschild wormhole. Another application of a wormhole might be time travel. In that case it is a shortcut from one point in space and time to another. In string theory a wormhole has been envisioned to connect two D-branes, where the mouths are attached to the branes and are connected by a flux tube [3]. Finally, wormholes are believed to be a part of spacetime foam [4]. There are two main types of wormholes: Lorentzian wormholes and Euclidean wormholes. Lorentzian wormholes are mainly studied in semiclassical gravity and Euclidean wormholes are studied in particle physics. Traversable wormholes are a special kind of Lorentzian wormholes which would allow a human to travel from one side of the wormhole to the other. Sergey Krasnikov tossed the term spacetime shortcut as a more general term for (traversable) wormholes and propulsion systems like the Alcubierre drive and the Krasnikov tube to indicate hyperfast interstellar travel.

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What are wormhole's?

baby travel system definition image

Q. how are they made?

Answer
In physics, a wormhole is a hypothetical topological feature of spacetime that is basically a 'shortcut' through space and time. A wormhole has at least two mouths which are connected to a single throat or tube. If the wormhole is traversable, matter can 'travel' from one mouth to the other by passing through the throat. While there is no observational evidence for wormholes, spacetimes containing wormholes are known to be valid solutions in general relativity.

The term wormhole was coined by the American theoretical physicist John Wheeler in 1957. However, the idea of wormholes was invented already in 1921 by the German mathematician Hermann Weyl in connection with his analysis of mass in terms of electromagnetic field energy.[1]

The name "wormhole" comes from an analogy used to explain the phenomenon. If a worm is travelling over the skin of an apple, then the worm could take a shortcut to the opposite side of the apple's skin by burrowing through its center, rather than travelling the entire distance around, just as a wormhole traveler could take a shortcut to the opposite side of the universe through a topologically nontrivial tunnel.

The basic notion of an intra-universe wormhole is that it is a compact region of spacetime whose boundary is topologically trivial but whose interior is not simply connected. Formalizing this idea leads to definitions such as the following, taken from Matt Visser's Lorentzian Wormholes:

If a Lorentzian spacetime contains a compact region Ω, and if the topology of Ω is of the form Ω ~ R x Σ, where Σ is a three-manifold of nontrivial topology, whose boundary has topology of the form dΣ ~ S2, and if, furthermore, the hypersurfaces Σ are all spacelike, then the region Ω contains a quasipermanent intra-universe wormhole.
Characterizing inter-universe wormholes is more difficult. For example, one can imagine a 'baby' universe connected to its 'parent' by a narrow 'umbilicus'. One might like to regard the umbilicus as the throat of a wormhole, but the space time is simply connected.


[edit] Wormhole types
Intra-universe wormholes connect one location of a universe to another location of the same universe (in the same present time or unpresent). A wormhole should be able to connect distant locations in the universe by creating a shortcut through spacetime, allowing travel between them that is faster than it would take light to make the journey through normal space. See the image above. Inter-universe wormholes connect one universe with another [1], [2]. This gives rise to the speculation that such wormholes could be used to travel from one parallel universe to another. A wormhole which connects (usually closed) universes is often called a Schwarzschild wormhole. Another application of a wormhole might be time travel. In that case, it is a shortcut from one point in space and time to another. In string theory, a wormhole has been envisioned to connect two D-branes, where the mouths are attached to the branes and are connected by a flux tube [3]. Finally, wormholes are believed to be a part of spacetime foam [4]. There are two main types of wormholes: Lorentzian wormholes and Euclidean wormholes. Lorentzian wormholes are mainly studied in general relativity and semiclassical gravity, while Euclidean wormholes are studied in particle physics. Traversable wormholes are a special kind of Lorentzian wormholes which would allow a human to travel from one side of the wormhole to the other. Serguei Krasnikov suggested the term spacetime shortcut as a more general term for (traversable) wormholes and propulsion systems like the Alcubierre drive and the Krasnikov tube to indicate hyperfast interstellar travel.


[edit] Theoretical basis
It is known that (Lorentzian) wormholes are not excluded within the framework of general relativity, but the physical plausibility of these solutions is uncertain. It is also unknown whether a theory of quantum gravity, merging general relativity with quantum mechanics, would still allow them. Most known solutions of general relativity which allow for traversable wormholes require the existence of exotic matter, a theoretical substance which has negative energy density. However, it has not been mathematically proven that this is an absolute requirement for traversable wormholes, nor has it been established that exotic matter cannot exist.

In March 2005, Amos Ori envisioned a wormhole which allows time travel, does not require any exotic matter and satisfies the weak, dominant, and strong energy conditions [5]. The stability of this solution is uncertain, so it is unclear whether infinite precision would be required for it to form in a way that allows time travel and also whether quantum effects would uphold chronology protection in this case, as analyses using semiclassical gravity have suggested they might do in the case of traversable wormholes.


[edit] Schwarzschild wormholes

Embedded diagram of a Schwarzschild wormhole.Lorentzian wormholes known as Schwarzschild wormholes or Einstein-Rosen bridges are bridges between areas of space that can be modeled as vacuum solutions to the Einstein field equations by combining models of a black hole and a white hole. This solution was discovered by Albert Einstein and his colleague Nathan Rosen, who first published the result in 1935. However, in 1962 John A. Wheeler and Robert W. Fuller published a paper showing that this type of wormhole is unstable, and that it will pinch off instantly as soon as it forms, preventing even light from making it through.

Before the stability problems of Schwarzschild wormholes were apparent, it was proposed that quasars were white holes forming the ends of wormholes of this type.

While Schwarzschild wormholes are not traversable, their existence inspired Kip Thorne to imagine traversable wormholes created by holding the 'throat' of a Schwarzschild wormhole open with exotic matter (material that has negative mass/energy).

what is Donohue syndrome;explain?

Kevin7

Answer
Donohue syndrome
By Paul A. JohnsonThe Gale Group Inc.

Definition

Donohue syndrome, also formerly called leprechaunism, is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the insulin receptor gene. W. L. Donohue first described this rare syndrome in 1948.

Description

Donohue syndrome is a disorder that causes low birth weight, unusual facial features, and failure to thrive in infants. Donohue syndrome is associated with the over-development of the pancreas, a gland located near the stomach. It is also considered to be the most insulin resistant form of diabetes.

Donohue syndrome results from a mutation of the insulin receptor gene which prevents insulin in the blood from being processed. Therefore, even before birth, the fetus exhibits "insulin resistance" and has high levels of unprocessed insulin in the blood. Insulin is one of two hormones secreted by the pancreas to control blood sugar (glucose) levels. Donohue syndrome is known as a progressive endocrine disorder because it relates to the growth and functions of the endocrine system, the collection of glands and organs that deliver hormones via the bloodstream.

Hormones are chemicals released by the body to control cellular function (metabolism) and maintain equilibrium (homeostasis). These hormones are released either by the endocrine system or by the exocrine system. The endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones then travel through the blood to the parts of the body where they are required. The exocrine system consists of ducted glands that release their hormones via ducts directly to the site where they are needed. The pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland. As part of the endocrine system, the pancreas acts as the original producer of estrogen and other sex hormones in fetuses of both sexes. It also regulates blood sugar through its production of the hormones insulin and glucagon. The pancreas releases insulin in response to high levels of glucose in the blood. Glucagon is released when glucose levels in the blood are low. These two hormones act in direct opposition to each other (antagonistically) to maintain proper blood sugar levels. As an exocrine gland, the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes directly into the small intestine.

In an attempt to compensate for the high blood insulin level, the pancreas overproduces glucagon as well as the female hormone estrogen and other related (estrogenic) hormones. As excess estrogen and related hormones are produced, they affect the development of the external and internal sex organs (genitalia) of the growing baby.

Insulin mediates the baby's growth in the womb through the addition of muscle and fat. A genetic link between fetal insulin resistance and low birthweight has been suggested. Without the proper processing of insulin, the fetus will not gain weight as fast as expected. Therefore, the effects of Donohue syndrome tend to become visible during the seventh month of development when the fetus either stops growing entirely or shows a noticeable slowdown in size and weight gain. This lack of growth is further evident at birth in affected infants, who demonstrate extreme thinness (emaciation), difficulty gaining weight, a failure to thrive, and delayed maturation of the skeletal structure.

Signs and symptoms

Infants born with Donohue syndrome have characteristic facial features that have been said to exhibit "elfin" or leprechaun-like qualities, such as: a smallish head with large, poorly developed and low-set ears; a flat nasal ridge with flared nostrils, thick lips, a greatly exaggerated mouth width, and widely spaced eyes. They will be very thin and have low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) due to their inability to gain nutrition through insulin processing. They will exhibit delayed bone growth and maturation, and difficulty in gaining weight and developing (failure to thrive).

Donohue syndrome patients are prone to persistent and recurrent infections. Delayed bone growth not only leads to skeletal abnormalities, it also leads to a compromised immune system. Many of the chemicals used by the body to fight infection are produced in the marrow of the bones. When bone maturation is delayed, these chemicals are not produced in sufficient quantities to fight off or prevent infection.

At birth, affected individuals can also have an enlarged chest, with possible breast development, excessive hairiness (hirsutism), as well as overdeveloped external sex organs, because of increased estrogen production caused by an overactive pancreas. As an additional side effect of the increased sex hormones released in Donohue syndrome, these individuals often have extremely large hands and feet relative to their non-affected peer group.

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Carrying a 1 month old baby on an airplane?

baby travel system definition image

Karla

I will be carrying my 1 month old on an international flight, he will not have his own seat. Am I allowed to bring an infant car seat/carrier?

Anyone who has been in this situation, would you rather not have the car seat with you? Are you allowed to bring the seat on the plane?

Answer
I'm a former Flight Attendant who flies a lot now with my own children. My youngest, age 3 1/2, just finished her 6th round-trip trans-Atlantic flight. She has had her car seat on all but one of those flights, when Air France wouldn't let me use my U.S. carseat. I even used it on this last flight. Each and every time it's been a very good idea!!

Most airlines allow seats. Some low-cost carriers, like Ryan Air (Irish) actually ban all car seats for children. By contrast, all American companies accept them if your seat is FAA certified;
http://www.faa.gov/passengers/fly_children/crs/
Most car seats sold in the U.S. are certified.

If you are not flying a U.S. company, check with your individual airlines to find out about their policy and whether your seat will be accepted.

Actually, having a car seat is the only way to fly safely with a baby. Lap held children are allowed because there's so little chance of anything happening. If anything does, the child is not protected.

Using the car seat onboard is great because you can move around in your own seat without having the baby in your arms all the time. When she or he slept, I'd slide them into their familiar seat and get a little snooze (or bathroom, or cup of tea) myself. Most of my trans-Atlantics have been me alone with three kids for 11 1/2 and 10 1/2 hours. Having the seat saved my sanity!

Also, using the seat onboard virtually guarentees that it will reach your destination in good shape. Checking them risks the seat being lost or damaged (or both!). I hate seeing seats with lost luggage!

If you have not purchased a ticket, ask that the seat next to you be held, if the flight isn't full. They often do this for families.

If you do manage to be able to use the seat on board, make sure your baby is in it for take-off and landing. These are the (hate using this wording but...) the most dangerous parts of the flight. It's very important that she or he is strapped in.

Many flying tips will say to make the baby suck during take-off and landing to help their ears. This is inaccurate. The baby can drink during ascent (after take-off) or even when he or she wakes up inflight. ENT specialists recommend that the baby be awake about an hour before landing (not necessarily drinking). Landing is too late.
http://www.entcda.com/AAOHNSF/earsandaltitude.htm

If you seat is part of a travel system, bring that or get a stroller frame. Both work fine and both can be left at the door of the aircraft.

Still try to get a bulkhead seat. Bassinets are great but rare, especially on U.S. companies.

Just some extra tips;
-Bring about 1/3 more supplies than you think you'll need, formula, diapers, wipes, etc.
-Bring a change of clothes for both of you (at least a T and shorts for you)
-wrap everything bulky, like clothes and extra diapers in plastic bags, and use rubber bands to reduce the bulk and save space in your carry-on
-If you formula feed, use the kind of bottles with plastic liners. Premeasure the powder, roll them up and put them in a ziplock bag. Airplane bathrooms have bad sinks for washing traditional bottles.
-Make sure you baby is used to a room-temperature bottle. I warmed many a bottle in my career but I saw first-hand what a pain it is. The baby isn't getting any health-advantage to the warmed bottle and no one will do this task while you're in the security or check-in line.
-Get a really good carrier like a pouch, wrap or sling. Leave any "front packs" like the Bjorn at home. Killer for the back, even for a small baby. Plus, a good carrier (which should go to at least 2 years by definition) can double as a blanket, suncover and baby changer! They are also magical for calming a baby during the flight.

I have to say I have both breast and bottlefed my kids. I worked for 13 years and had many, many breastfeeding women, of various levels of descretion. I have never, ever had a problem with a breastfeeding woman on any of our flights, nor have I heard of any. I have breastfed all three of mine, two of which never had bottles or formula and who did nurse into toddlerhood. Both the airlines and my fellow passengers were cool about it so don't let anyone tell you differently!

Besides, those baby carriers I just recommended make great cover-ups for breastfeeding too ;)

About 8 years ago, I wrote an article on flying with children for an expat newsletter. Over the years many parents have contributed, both on line and in Real Life. I put it on a blog so there would be non-commercial information from someone with both practical and professional experience on the web. Feel free to visit;
http://flyingwithchildren.blogspot.com

It's a great age to travel. He or she will probably mostly sleep and even if she or he cries, it's kind of quiet so it wont disturb people. My little fliers did great, including my own 4 month olds the first time. I wish it were so simple now...

Have a great trip!

Are you a mom who's older and so overjoyed by it?

Tally

My son is 7 months and while watching tv last night he started clapping on his own. He says, "mama", "hi", "dada" and my hubby and I are just so excited by everything he does.

We waited such a long time (I'm 36 and my hubby is 44) to have our little baby and now everything is so amazing.

Thanks for answering my question. :)

Answer
Not sure what your definition of 'older' is but I I had my child at 28 which I believe its older than the average. Anyway, but I'm elated to have waited this long. I feel a lot more prepared, more mature and can easily tackle any problem that has to do with my daughter. I have absolutely enjoyed my daughter to my fullest so far (I was able to get all my partying and traveling out of my system!)

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