Wednesday, September 18, 2013

US history: Suburbia?

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What factors fueled the rise of the new suburbs surrounding Americaâs cities? What were some positive and negative effects associated with the rise of the suburbs? What factors caused the suburbs to be overwhelmingly racially white, creating a 'segregated landscape'? Can you predict any problems this might cause in future years?


Answer
the web page (below) provides: An Overview of Suburbs
The History and Development of Suburbs
What are Suburbs?
Suburbs are the communities surrounding cities that are usually made up of single-family homes, but are increasingly including multifamily homes and places like malls and office buildings. Emerging in the 1850s as a result of a fast rising urban population and improving transportation technology, suburbs have remained a popular alternative to the city even today. As of 2000, about half the population of the United States lived in suburbs.
Suburbs are generally spread out over greater distances than other types of living environments. For instance, people may live in the suburb in order to avoid the density and untidiness of the city. Since people have to get around these vast stretches of land automobiles are common sights in suburbs. Transportation (including, to a limited extent, trains and buses) plays an important role in the life of a suburban resident who generally commutes to work.

People also like to decide for themselves how to live and what rules to live by. Suburbs offer them this independence. Local governance is common here in the form of community councils, forums, and elected officials. A good example of this is a Home Owners Association, a group common to many suburban neighborhoods that determines specific rules for the type, appearance, and size of homes in a community.

People living in the same suburb usually share similar backgrounds with regard to race, socioeconomic status, and age. Often, the houses that make up the area are similar in appearance, size, and blueprint, a layout design referred to as tract housing, or cookie-cutter housing.


History of Suburbs
Though they appeared on the outskirts of many world cities in the early 1800s, it was only after the general implementation of electric railways in the late 1800s that suburbs began to grow extensively, especially in the United States. Such a relatively cheap and quick method of transportation made it practical to travel from home to work (in the inner city) on a daily basis.
Early examples of suburbs include areas created for lower class citizens outside of Rome, Italy during the 1920s, streetcar suburbs in Montreal, Canada created during the late 1800s, and the picturesque Llewellyn Park, New Jersey, created in 1853.

Henry Ford was also a big reason why suburbs caught on the way they did. His innovative ideas for making cars cut manufacturing costs, reducing the retail price for customers. Now that an average family could afford a car, more people could go to and from home and work everyday. Additionally, the development of the Interstate Highway System further encouraged suburban growth.

The government was another player that encouraged movement out of the city. Federal legislation made it cheaper for someone to construct a new home outside of the city than to improve upon a preexisting structure in the city. Loans and subsidies were also provided to those willing to move to new planned suburbs (usually wealthier white families).

In 1934 the United States Congress created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), an organization intended to provide programs to insure mortgages. Poverty struck everyone's life during the Great Depression (beginning in 1929) and organizations like the FHA helped to ease the burden and stimulate growth.

Rapid growth of suburbia characterized the post-World War II era for three chief reasons:


â¢The economic boom following World War II
â¢The need for housing returning veterans and baby boomers relatively cheaply
â¢Whites fleeing the desegregation of urban cities brought on by the civil rights movement (the "White Flight")
Some of the first and most famous suburbs in the post-war era were the Levittown developments in the Megalopolis.


Current Trends
In the United States more jobs are now located in the suburbs than in central cities as a result of the movement of commercial and industrial parks from the inside to the outside of the city. Express highways are constantly being constructed to and from major hubs or edge cities, and it is on these roads where new suburbs are being developed.
In other parts of the world suburbs do not resemble the affluence of their American counterparts. Due to extreme poverty, crime, and lack of infrastructure suburbs in developing parts of the world are characterized by higher density and lower standards of living.

One issue arising from suburban growth is the disorganized, reckless manner in which neighborhoods are built, called sprawl. Because of the desire for larger plots of land and the rural feel of the countryside, new developments are infringing upon more and more of the natural, uninhabited land. The unprecedented growth of population in the past century will continue to fuel the expansion of suburbs in the coming years.

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Answer
Guestbook 1986-1987

Bolivia

Stephane Dubuc
Bolivia/Ontario 1986-1987
Costa Rica/Quebec 1989-1990

Aout 2003 - Je vis presentement en Estrie, au Québec. Grace au CSI, une ONG régionale de Sherbrooke, je garde contact avec la realite de la cooperation internationale. (Merde comment ca marche ce E-mail du livre d'or!...) JE ne suis pas bon en informatiq mais je suis bon dans d'autres choses.... salut!

C'est une bonne idee le livre d'or, j'espere y retrouver un jour de vieux copains et de vieilles copines!


Chris Gaffney
Bolivia/Ontario 1986-1987

March 1998 - Can't believe that it was 12 years ago! I graduated from Trent University in 1988 and then travelled extensively throughout Southeast Asia, Australia, Central and South America over the many years that followed. Returning to Bolivia in 1992 was amazing. To see where old friends from the exchange ended up was very enlightening. I have owned my own business (variety store & three baby products stores) since 1991 with my cousin. I live in Toronto and am seriously considering a move to the west coast to start up similar stores out there.

I would love to hear from anyone who was there in 1986.

Alex Tewfik
Bolivia/Ontario 1986-1987 (Participant)
web site:www.blueplanetenvironmental.com

July 2003 - Last night I received a phone call from CWY trying to update the past participant database. I quickly realized that it has been 17 years since the program. Tears welled up in my eyes after I got off the phone as the importance of the CWY experience sunk in deep. I have since traveled to 30+ countries on six continents. Much of this travel has revolved around my career as a Marine Biologist. I have specialized in sustainable development of small-scale artisanal fisheries and associated nearshore marine environments (seagrass, mangrove and coral reefs). I am presently living in Montreal and finishing my PhD in Marine Ecology at McGill University. I know that the CWY experience set me on a path to try and help make the world a better place and the time spent in Brighton, Ontario and Capinota, Cochabamba will never be forgotten. To all my fellow participants I would love to hear from you even if it takes another 17 years!

Peace, luck and conscience

Alex


Brazil

Jean-Pierre Regnier
Brazil/Quebec 1986-1987 (Participant)

Mar 2004 - hey guys, Anyone out there? I'm living in Halifax but moving back to Winnipeg this summer. As you can see by my email, I'm in the military, I've been in since 88. I fly SeaKing Helicopters in the Air Force supporting the Navy. I've travelled around the world a bunch (around 30 different countries) but not back to Brazil (although I did go back a year after the program. I went with a friend for six weeks and went back to Varginha.)

I've seen and talked to Jane, Rick and Patrick a few times. I'm now common law with Shanna and we have three boys, Noah 31/2, Dylan 21/2 and Jack 8 mos. Having lots of fun. Anyone heard of or seen Linda, Nat, Pascal, Kerri or anyone else from the other group ???

Salut a la gang.. If in Winnpeg after June give me a call.
JP


Daniel Renaud
Guatemala/Quebec 1981-1982
Brazil/Quebec 1986-1987
Brazil/Quebec 1987-1988

Mars 2005 - Je travaille au bureau de Montréal de Jeunesse Canada Monde depuis 10 ans, je suis marié et j'ai un fils de 16 ans.

Peter Stephenson
Brazil/Quebec 1986-1987 (Participant)
Aboriginal Youth Leadership Program

June 2004 - Hi all, I'm living in beautiful Quebec with Stephanie and our lovely 3 girls (Sappho, Lilith and Phoebe) and soon another (sept) I work in Montreal in the animation industry and am presently working in the english school system. I'm loving spending time in the garden, catching poison ivy, and chasing my kids around. I can't believe it's eighteen years. I'm not that old really, not that it matters. I'd love to hear from all the brazil group. It's been years- Jaime, Gail, Maria, Jerome, E-verson, Dan et Silvio, Daphne et Anna Maria, Marly et uh oh.. , Yves. et ..uh oh uh oh, I think I'm missing a few. Email me and jog my memory.

Bonjour a tous. J'habite de la sud de montreal dans la jolie monteregie avec ma femme Stephanie et nos trois filles ,Sappho 9, Lilith 5 et Phoebe 3. Bientot un quatrieme. Je ne crois pas qu'il y a deja dix-huit ans!!! Je travaille dans les allentours de Montreal mais je prefere rester dans la compange, passant du temps dans ma jardin, attrapat la herbe a puce (aaakkkk) et surtout jouer avec mes enfants. Jaime, Gail, Maria, Dan et Silvio, Daphne et Anna Maria, Jerome et Everson, et Marly Yves Bien sur- Daniel and Phillipe and Zezao. J'ai hate de contacter du monde.

Canada

SOFUAN JUNAIDI (ANTON)
Canada/British Columbia 1986-1987 Youth Exchange/Core (Participant)
Canada/Ontario 1996-1997 Youth Exchange/Core (Project leader)

Hi All...! It's me Sofuan Junaidi (mostly known with: ANTON) from Lampung-Indonesia. I was the participant of CWY 1986-1987 (British Columbia - Tabek Talang Babungo/West Sumatera) and then as the Project Leader of the same program in 1996-1997 (Ontario-Lhok Maleh/ACEH). This is a great opportunity for me to catch you all again. I'm now still living in Lampung-southern part of Sumatera island. I'm still working with the Government Electricity Company here in Lampung. So...if you are at the same program with me in those two different time of program, please do not hasitate to mail me...okay guys???

Especially for SRI HASTUTI who wrote her massage here, I would like to say hi and lot's of greatings!!! do you still remember BANG SOFUAN.....???

Cheers to all...
SOFUAN JUNAIDI (ANTON)

Colombia

Arnold Blackstar
Colombia/Manitoba 1986-1987

February 1998 - I currently work for the Federation Of Saskatchewan Indian Nations as the Director of Community Services. I got married, had two children, and a cat. Hope to find old friends through this.

Teri Clarke
Colombia/Manitoba 1986-1987 Youth Exchange/Core (Participant)

February 2007 - I'm working as a midwife in London, On. My kids are now 12, 10, and 8. In my free time, I go to the yoga studio, do 'sweat your prayers'- type dancing or go out and listen to live music. Life is good.

---

May 2002 - After my CWY experience I went back to Edmonton and found lots of interesting work and plugged away at a university education (anthropolgy)(just one of those things you gotta do). Had a string of pathetic relationships until I came across the quote: "you won't find the right one until you are the right one." (Slow learner). Anyway, I now have a wonderful partner (together 10 years). We have 3 kids who were all born at home with a midwife. Life-altering experiences to say the least. I have since been very involved in the midwifery movement politically. As well, I have been providing labour support and prenatal classes for the past six years. I am now at McMaster University in the midwifery program.

I hooked up with Christine G. over Christmas which was wonderful and I'd love to touch base with the rest of you, especially now that I'm living in Central Canada where many of you are.

Talk to you soon.


Brent Homan
Colombia/Manitoba 1986-1987

June 1998 - I'm trying to figure out how to pay my student loans without having to resort to crime. Oh ya, I'm a temporarily unemployed economist, let's just call it freelance. I'm married with two cats (hey, that's one more feline than Arnold, I win!!!). I harbour some fond memories of the program and the good people that acted as participants and administrators, although perpetually getting lost on that mountain was a real drag. Hey compatriots, feel free to drop a line, anytime.

Sylvie Joly
India/Quebec 1988-1989 (Group Leader)
Senegal 1977-1978 (Participant)
Colombia/Manitoba 1986-1987 (Group Leader)
Central America/Quebec 1991-1992 (Group Leader)

Avril 2001 - Bonjour! Je cherche Trent Mackay, qui était participant dans l'échange Inde-Québec (Dharampur-Amos) 1988-89. Il est membre de la nation Nisga'a de C. Britannique. J'était l'agente de groupe.

Salut à tous. Salutations aussi aux participants de l'Ãchange Sénégal-Abitibi 77-78 (Casamances-Amos); Colombie-Manitoba 87-88 (Virden-Titiribi); Costa-Rica-Québec (San Vito-Alma).

Je suis maintenant journaliste à la radio de Radio-Canada.

Costa Rica

Paulette Alarie & Luc Langevin
Costa Rica/Quebec 1986-1987

Octobre 1999 - Bonjour !!!! Paulette et moi sommes mariés depuis 1993, nous avons un garçon de 3 ans (Gabriel). Paulette est enseignante dans l'école de son village natale (Ste-Agathe, Manitoba). Pour ma part, je suis un dessinateur par ordinateur (CAD). Nous vivons à la campagne en banlieu de Winnipeg.

Paulette and I got married in 1993, we have a boy , Gabriel, who is 3 years old. Paulette teaches in her hometown. I'm a computer design-drafter.We live in the country just out of Winnipeg.
On espère avoir de vos nouvelles. Where is everyone from the Groups in Matane, Rimouski & Riviére-du-Loup.

Roy Araya Barboza
Costa Rica/Quebec 1986-1987

Octubre 2002 - Saludos a todos mis compañeros de grupo, en especial a mi homologo Geoffrey Batzel con quien comparti mi experiencia en las bellas comunidades de Matane y San Carlos. Asimismo a los compaÃeros que se ubicaron en las comunidades de Rimouski - Trois Pistoles - Sarchi - Paraiso.

Espero tener la oportunidad de recibir noticias de todos ustedes.

Geoffrey Batzel
Costa Rica/Quebec 1986-1987

February 2002 - Evanston, Illinois.

Jocelyne Brochu
Costa Rica 1986-1987

Mars 2000

Ecuador

Dawn (Didi) Aarons
Ecuador 1986-1987 Youth Exchange/Core (Participant)
1987-1988

April 2006 - I'm living in Toronto. Having a good time. I have a 12 year old daughter. I'm an acupuncturist and enjoy studyi




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